Rising Lake Victoria Water Levels: Boon or Bust?

Lake Victoria water level has risen to new heights, breaking the record that was attained 55 years ago. In May 1965, hydrologists measured the water level and established that it was at an average of 1,134.27 meters above the sea level.

However, in March 2020, the level had reached 1,134.47 meters above sea level. As a result, over the last few months, many shores of Lake Victoria in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda have been submerged.

But environmentalists have warned that in future, the (unpredictable) rise in water levels will intensify the occurrence of floods, this will affect livelihoods and economic activities at the shores of Lake Victoria which are already awash with challenges of pollution, encroachment and destruction of swamps.

In Bunyala sub county (Kenya), at the beginning of March it was reported by The Star Newspaper that a backflow from the lake had resulted in flood victims affecting over 260 families at Musoma and Sidokho in Bunyala South ward. This prompted the Busia Governor Sospeter Ojaamong to ask for assistance from Government of Kenya for dredging machines to desilt the lake, especially the mouth of River Nzoia.

On the other hand, in Tanzania, The Citizen newspaper reported that farmers, fishermen, transporters and livestock keepers might be rubbing their hands with glee following the rise of Lake Victoria water level, as this will positively impact their economic activities. 

Mr. Gerald Itimbula from the Lake Victoria Basin Water Board (LVBWB) was quoted by The Citizen Newspaper as saying that, ‘From a hydrology point of view, a rise in water levels means enough water for carrying out community projects like farming, livestock keeping, transportation, fishing and industrial activities”. He noted that the increase in water levels may also have some negative effects on people who conduct their income-generating activities close to the lake and thus the warning issued on February 8, 2020 for people living or having businesses close to the lake to relocate.

In Uganda, communities in Kalungu, Masaka, Kalangala, Entebbe, Wakiso and Kampala have been severely affected, as homes (including posh ones) and work places that have been submerged, including hotels (for example the Lake Victoria Serena Hotel - Kigo) and several beach fronts in Entebbe.

Explaining the occurrence, Dr Callist Tindimugaya, the water resources specialist in-charge of Lake Victoria management at the Ministry of Water and Environment was quoted by ChimpReports saying that Lake Victoria is refilling its parts where it had receded from. 

“When it rains, all the rain water from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi and DR Congo comes into Lake Victoria and it does not come in one day. However, he warned that encroachers should expect the water to invade them because it is reclaiming the place where it used to be. Dr Tindimugaya added that the floods could get worse due to the rains and increasing inflows from mainly River Kagera and other rivers that pour water into Lake Victoria. 

While, Dr Ally Matano (Head, Lake Victoria basin Commission) strongly recommends that those people living in lowland vacate to avoid further disasters due to the an unprecedented rise of water levels since October 2019, it is equally important that the East African Community mobilizes all stakeholders and coordinates coherent bottom-up joint actions in the short to long-term in order to mitigate this challenge, that might put more livelihoods at stake than it is now.

IRENA’s Global Renewables Outlook: A Blatant Notice to Defer CO2 Emissions by Advancing Renewable Energy options

Today, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) has released its first Global Renewables Outlook: Energy transformation 2050, amidst a global lock down due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

It is no coincidence that among other findings, the Global Renewables Outlook calls for recovery measures following the COVID-19 pandemic to consider flexible power grids, efficiency solutions, electric vehicle charging, energy storage, interconnected hydropower, green hydrogen and other technology investments consistent with long-term energy and climate sustainability.

Overall, the Global Renewables Outlook notes that raising regional and country-level ambitions will be crucial to meet interlinked energy and climate objectives. This is further to the UNEP’s Emissions Gap Report (2019) fossil CO2 emissions from energy use and industry, which dominates total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, grew 2.0 per cent in 2018, reaching a record 37.5 Gigatonnes of CO2 per year. There is no sign of GHG emissions peaking in the next few years. Since every year of postponed peaking means that deeper and faster cuts, acting now rather than tomorrow is urgent.

In 2020, as countries review and update their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), it is paramount that they take candid steps to scale up renewable energy in order to secure less and less emissions as we approach 2030.

According to the IRENA’s Global Renewables Outlook Report, the Sub-Saharan Africa region whose average energy consumption per capita (51 GJ/year) is well below global average, holds over half the oil and gas reserves of the African continent.  On the contrary, bioenergy dominates the primary energy mix, accounting for 60% of primary energy demand while the share of energy supply from modern renewables is only about 10%. As a result, a growing numbers of people in Sub-Saharan Africa still lack access to clean cooking options, resulting in substantial degradation of forests and indoor air pollution.

According to UNECA, the lack of energy – traditional or renewable – for health care, agriculture, education, and economic diversification remains a critical barrier to overall growth and prosperity on the continent. In Africa, nearly 600 million people (about half the population) lack access to electricity, with 110 million of these living in urban areas—all within proximity of existing power grids. Failures and inefficiencies in energy transmission infrastructure, combined with high costs of last-mile connections to rural communities and other factors, mean that many Africans are moving off-grid – choosing expensive options like fossil fuel powered generators, and in some instances constructing home and mini-grid solar systems in their communities.

IRENA’s Global Renewables Outlook (2020) is therefore an important reminder that while all options are sought for deep and fast GHG emission cuts, advancing renewable energy options is one of the most viable options. In sub-Saharan Africa with the lowest access to electricity in the world (two-thirds of region’s population), this has potential positive spin-off effects in improving lives in key sectors like health, agriculture and employment provision in rural settings.

Globally, advancing renewable-based energy transformation is an opportunity to meet international climate goals as set out in the Paris Agreement (through updating and reviewing NDCs before 2020), and in fulfillment of the UN Global Goals (SDGs)