Restoring Hope: How East African Communities Are Fighting Desertification from the Ground Up

Watering cattle in Mwanza region in Tanzania
(Photo: Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development)

As the world’s population is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050, the growing demand for nutritious food and clean water makes restoring degraded land not just a choice, but a necessity for survival.

This year’s global observance of Desertification and Drought Day, hosted by Colombia and led by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) under the theme “Restore the Land. Unlock the Opportunities”, reminds us that healthy lands power jobs, food and water security, and resilient value chains.

According to UNCCD, every US$1 invested in land restoration generates a return of US$7 to US$30 through enhanced ecosystem services and livelihoods. The economic case is clear. UNCCD estimates that nations must collectively invest US$1 billion per day by 2030 to restore some 1.5 billion hectares of land, ensuring human dignity and environmental resilience.

East Africa at the Frontline of Land Degradation

East Africa is facing intensifying challenges due to desertification and prolonged droughts. Countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, and parts of Tanzania and Uganda are experiencing a deepening crisis as climate change accelerates the degradation of arable land and the depletion of water resources.

Desertification—driven by unsustainable land use, deforestation, and climate change—is turning once-productive land into barren, uninhabitable terrain. Repeated and prolonged droughts have made things worse. Between 2020 and 2023, East Africa experienced one of the worst droughts in four decades, affecting more than 20 million people (WFP, 2023). Crops failed, livestock died, and water sources dried up—pushing many communities to the brink of collapse.

Rising Food Insecurity and Social Strain

One of the most devastating consequences is rising food insecurity. As rainfall becomes erratic and planting seasons unreliable, farmers struggle to maintain yields. Pastoralists, who depend on seasonal grazing routes, are finding it increasingly difficult to sustain their herds. This fuels economic instability, heightens resource conflicts, and worsens existing vulnerabilities (FAO, 2023).

Community-Led Solutions: Resilience from the Ground Up

Despite these daunting challenges, communities across East Africa are stepping up with innovative, locally driven solutions that not only mitigate environmental degradation but also restore livelihoods and dignity.

• In northern Kenya, community conservancies manage rangelands through rotational grazing systems, allowing vegetation to regenerate naturally. Local water committees oversee the equitable maintenance and use of boreholes and water pans (Conservation International, 2021).
• In Ethiopia, community watershed restoration projects include terracing hillsides, planting drought-resistant vegetation, and building check dams. These initiatives, supported by local governments and NGOs, have improved soil fertility and water retention (World Bank, 2020).
• In Uganda and Tanzania, agroforestry is gaining momentum. Farmers are planting trees on farmlands and communal spaces to combat erosion, enhance biodiversity, and provide shade and fodder. Women-led nurseries are cultivating indigenous tree species, creating both environmental and economic value (ICRAF, 2021).
• In Somalia, village-based adaptation plans are taking root. Communities have established drought committees, received training in climate-smart agriculture, and begun alternative livelihoods such as beekeeping and poultry farming (FAO, 2023).
• Information-sharing technologies—such as community radio, mobile apps, and local networks—are delivering early warning systems and weather forecasts, helping people make informed decisions to reduce risk (UNOCHA, 2022).

A Call for Scaled Support

These grassroots efforts demonstrate that resilience is possible, even in the face of extreme environmental pressures. Communities are drawing on traditional knowledge, cooperation, and innovation to fight back against desertification and drought.

Yet these efforts cannot succeed alone. To sustain momentum and scale these solutions, governments, donors, and global stakeholders must invest consistently in community-led restoration. Doing so not only protects the environment but also promotes stability, dignity, and opportunity for millions across East Africa.

References Cited

·         Conservation International. (2021). Community conservancies in Kenya: A model for sustainable rangeland management. https://www.conservation.org

·         FAO. (2023). East Africa Drought Response Plan. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org

·         ICRAF. (2021). Agroforestry solutions in East Africa. World Agroforestry Centre. https://www.worldagroforestry.org

·         UNCCD. (2022). Desertification: The invisible frontline. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. https://www.unccd.int

·         UNOCHA. (2022). Drought early warning and response in the Horn of Africa. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. https://www.unocha.org

·         WFP. (2023). Hunger crisis in East Africa deepens as drought persists. World Food Programme. https://www.wfp.org

·         World Bank. (2020). Community-based watershed management in Ethiopia: Lessons and success stories. https://www.worldbank.org

Planning and Budgeting for Climate Action and Energy Access in Africa: A Commitment to the African Child

 

Photo: JEEP, 2022

As Africa marks the Day of the African Child (DAC) on June 16, 2025, this year's theme—"Planning and Budgeting for Children's Rights: Progress Since 2010"—calls on governments and partners to reflect deeply on promises made more than a decade ago. In 2010, the theme of the DAC was: "Planning and budgeting for children's rights: a collective responsibility". Therefore, it is a moment of reflection, given the diverse geopolitical changes and sustained or enhanced challenges facing children on the continent. It is also a timely reminder: children must be placed at the heart of national development, including in climate action and energy policy.

With over 40% of Africa’s population under the age of 15, decisions made today on energy systems and climate strategies will determine whether this generation grows up with opportunities or with growing inequalities and risks.

Climate Change and Energy Poverty: A Double Threat to Africa’s Children

From devastating floods in West Africa to prolonged droughts in the Horn, climate shocks are already disrupting schools, health systems, and food supply chains. These disruptions hit children hardest, compounding risks to their education, nutrition, and safety.

At the same time, nearly 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa still lack access to electricity. In too many communities, children study by candlelight, vaccines spoil without refrigeration, and families cook using polluting fuels that harm respiratory health.

We cannot build a climate-resilient Africa without ensuring children have access to clean, reliable energy.

A Child-Centred Approach to Climate and Energy Planning

To secure a better future, climate action and energy investments must be inclusive, equity-driven, and rooted in the needs of children and youth. This begins with how we plan.

• Inclusive Planning: Governments should meaningfully engage youth, communities, and civil society in climate and energy policy design. Young Africans are already leading the way in climate activism—let’s put their voices at the centre.
• Smart Budgeting: Public budgets should reflect child-focused climate priorities—like solar energy in schools, clean water in clinics, and support for climate-smart agriculture. But many budgets remain fragmented or misaligned. Ministries of Finance, Planning, Environment, and Energy must collaborate to mainstream child-sensitive investments.
• Stronger International Support: Global climate finance mechanisms like Mission 300 that seek to prioritise African-led, child-sensitive initiatives. Development partners also have a role to play in building capacity for planning, allocating, and tracking funds.
• Better Data for Smarter Decisions: We need more detailed data on how climate and energy gaps impact children, especially across gender, geography, and income levels. Tools like climate budgeting and child-sensitive risk assessments should become standard practice.

Real Investments, Real Impact

Investments in off-grid solar, clean cooking technologies, and climate-smart education infrastructure can transform lives. They reduce emissions, protect health, and expand access to opportunity, while aligning with Agenda 2063 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, in the third round of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) this year, African countries should update their respective plans with ambition to transform the lives of children for the better in the next five years.

A Call to Action

On this Day of the African Child, we are reminded that climate justice and energy access are not just environmental or economic issues—they are children's rights issues.

Let’s commit to planning and budgeting that places Africa’s children at the centre of a sustainable, inclusive transition. So that every child can learn, grow, and thrive in a safer, greener Africa.

Turning to Small Efforts for Large-scale Improvements Through Community-Based Solid Waste Management in East Africa

 

Collected plastic bottles for sale (Bwaise informal settlement, Kampala). Photo: Kimbowa Richard  

World Environment Day in 2025 will focus on ending plastic pollution. It joins the UNEP-led #BeatPlasticPollution this year to mobilize communities worldwide to implement and advocate for solutions. World Environment Day will spotlight the growing scientific evidence on the impacts of plastic pollution and drive momentum to refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, and rethink plastics use. It will also reinforce the global commitment made in 2022 to end plastic pollution through a global plastic pollution treaty.

In many East African cities, towns, and urban areas, waste is piling up. The rapid town growth and more people mean more trash to handle. Traditional waste systems can't keep up, leading to dirtier streets and health risks. But community-based waste management offers real hope. When local people take charge, they can turn waste into a tool for change. This article shows how community efforts work best, shares real stories, and gives tips for success across Africa.

The Role of Local Communities in Waste Reduction

Local communities are key to cutting down waste. When people understand how their actions impact the environment, they tend to do better. These initiatives raise awareness and encourage people to sort their trash. According to a UNEP report (2021) on waste management, communities that are involved show more success in reducing waste and cleaning their areas.

Community-led systems offer many rewards. Environmentally, they lower pollution and improve sanitation. Socially, they create jobs and build stronger ties among residents. People feel empowered when they help manage waste. Economically, communities save money and find new ways to make income. Small businesses selling recycled materials like plastic bottles, cans, and other products or compost are just a few examples.

Also, through the Project Kollekt initiative, End Plastic Pollution – Uganda, in partnership with the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives and Break Free from Plastic, has established The Kollekt Village in Masuulita Town, Wakiso District as a center to demonstrate, promote, and mainstream zero waste model implementation in Local communities.

Obstacles to Community Engagement

Despite the benefits, challenges exist. Some people see waste as dirty or embarrassing, making them less likely to get involved. Lack of knowledge can also block progress. Plus, limited resources or infrastructure make it harder for communities to organize waste efforts. These hurdles require careful planning and support to overcome.

The Role of Policy and Regulatory Frameworks

Strong policies help community efforts grow. Local governments must create clear rules and offer incentives. For instance, some African cities now give tax breaks to people who start recycling programmes. Developing guidelines that support and protect community initiatives is vital. Good policies can turn small efforts into large-scale improvements.

Training and education are the backbone of successful waste management. Teaching residents how to sort waste or create compost boosts participation. Awareness campaigns can shift harmful habits. In Nigeria, the "Waste to Art" project uses creative recycling to teach children and adults alike. It’s a fun way to learn and reduce waste at the same time.

Community Needs: Infrastructure and Resources

Communities need proper tools to succeed. This includes collection points, composting sites, and recycling facilities. Collaborations with NGOs and private companies can help gather resources.

Take Nairobi, Kenya, for example. Their informal waste pickers are now included in formal waste systems, gaining access to better tools and recognition, boosting efficiency.

Strategies for Effective Community-Based Waste Management

Promoting Community Waste Collectives

Forming neighborhood waste groups boosts teamwork. These groups assign roles, such as collection or sorting, making waste management organized. In Kigali, Rwanda, residents formed groups that collect and recycle waste together. These collections build local pride and ensure consistent waste removal, as the informal waste pickers’ role is  recognized

Implementing Recycling and Composting Programs

Recycling and composting are powerful tools for waste reduction. Communities can set up small recycling hubs or promote household composting. Rewards or recognition help motivate people to join. For example, some villages in Ghana offer small prizes to families who compost or recycle regularly.

Leveraging Technology and Data

Smart technology can improve waste management. Mobile apps help residents report trash problems or schedule pickups. Mapping waste hot-spots locates trouble areas needing attention. Ghana’s MobiWaste app allows residents to report overflowing bins and track waste collection in real-time, leading to quicker solutions. 

 

Real-World Examples of Success

Case Study 1: EcoPack Initiative in South Africa

EcoPack produces biodegradable packaging from local materials. Their work cuts down plastic waste and creates jobs. Communities help sort waste streams, and EcoPack workers earn a fair wage. This project shows how innovation can turn waste into worthwhile products with community backing.

Case Study 2: WWF’s Plastic Smart Cities initiative – Da Chong part of Phu Quoc, a Vietnamese island off the coast of Cambodia in the Gulf of Thailand

Da Chong, a small village of 1,485 people located in the northeastern part of the island next to a marine protected area. Like other remote areas on the island and across Southeast Asia, Da Chong residents did not have access to public waste collection. Waste generated by the community was either burned or thrown directly into the ocean, and thus a direct threat to the highly protected sea grass area.

WWF-Vietnam, together with local authorities hatched a pilot project that established a community-based waste management system, one that could prevent the community’s waste from polluting the coastal environment, an environment that not only supports the livelihoods of many Da Chong residents, from fishing to aquaculture, but also harbors many marine species, including the rare and vulnerable dugongs. The goal of the project was to establish a system in which solid waste would be segregated at the household level, valuable items would be utilized on-site, organic waste would be composted, and trash would be collected and transported to a treatment site by a public collection service 

Lessons from International Best Practices

In Colombia and India, community waste models work by combining local effort with supportive policies. They teach residents to sort waste, set up recycling hubs, and build awareness. African communities can learn from these approaches to improve their own waste systems.

What Stakeholders Can Do to Promote Community-Based Solid Waste Management

Policy Makers need to draft laws/bylaws that support and fund community waste projects. They also need to create incentives for entrepreneurship in recycling and composting.

Community Leaders need to gather residents, raise awareness, and foster a sense of ownership. Make waste management a shared goal.

NGOs and the Private Sector should offer training, infrastructure, and funding. This will help to turn waste into profit.

Citizens need to participate actively, guided by the 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse,  and Recycle. This requires the separation of waste at source (home), joining local clean-ups, and encouraging others to do the same.

In conclusion, community involvement is the heart of effective waste management in East Africa. When local people take charge, proper policies, education, and infrastructure support their efforts. The stories shared here show that success is possible with teamwork and innovation. Everyone, from governments to residents, can work together to create cleaner, healthier cities. Building community-driven waste systems isn't just good for the environment — it’s good for everyone’s future.

References

·       United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). "Solid Waste Management in Africa: A Review." 2021.

·        UN-Habitat. ‘Community-Based Waste Management’. 2022.

·        Nairobi City County Government. "Integration of Informal Waste Pickers." 2023.

·        Ghana Environmental Agency. "MobiWaste: Connecting Communities for Better Waste Management." 2022.

·        South African Department of Environmental Affairs. "EcoPack Initiative." 2022.

·        Colombian Ministry of Environment. "Community Waste Programmes." 2020.

·        Indian Ministry of Rural Development. "Village Waste Management Models." 2019.