Where Water Flows, Opportunity Grows: How Nature Can Drive Inclusion and Prosperity in Uganda

Women coming back from tending their gardens (Photo: UCSD)

Just before sunrise in Kasese District, Sarah Kiiza walks nearly three kilometres to collect water for her family. For years, this journey has been part of her daily routine. The time spent fetching water often meant fewer hours tending her garden of diverse crops and little chance to expand her small roadside produce business. But recently, a community-managed solar-powered water system was installed nearby. Today, Sarah spends less time searching for water and more time growing vegetables, potatoes and cassava that she sells at the local market, increasing her household income and helping pay school fees for her children.

Sarah’s story reflects a broader truth across Uganda and many developing countries: water and the environment are not just natural resources — they are pathways to inclusion, dignity, and prosperity.

Across rural Uganda, agriculture remains the backbone of livelihoods. Yet unpredictable rainfall and prolonged droughts continue to threaten food production. In districts such as Nakasongola and Karamoja, farmers are increasingly adopting rainwater harvesting and small-scale irrigation supported by local cooperatives and development programmes. These solutions allow farmers to grow crops throughout the year, improving household nutrition and stabilising incomes. When communities have reliable access to water, they move from survival farming to enterprise farming, unlocking economic opportunities.

Water ecosystems also support livelihoods beyond agriculture. Along the shores of Lake Victoria, fishing communities depend on the lake for income and food security. However, declining fish stocks and environmental degradation have threatened these livelihoods. In response, some communities are embracing sustainable fishing practices and aquaculture. In Wakiso District, youth groups are investing in fish farming, creating jobs while reducing pressure on natural fish populations. These initiatives demonstrate how environmental stewardship can directly translate into economic growth.

Beyond livelihoods, access to clean water and healthy environments transforms social wellbeing. In many communities, girls often miss school because they must fetch water or suffer from water-related illnesses. When safe water sources are brought closer to communities, school attendance improves, especially among girls. Health centres also benefit from a reliable water supply, improving hygiene and patient care. These changes enhance human capital development along the entire lifecycle, for long-term national development as clearly expounded in Uganda’s National Development Plan (NDP IV).

Inclusion becomes even more powerful when environmental programmes deliberately empower marginalised groups. Women across Uganda are increasingly participating in water user committees and local conservation groups. In Eastern Uganda, women-led wetland restoration initiatives are helping to restore degraded ecosystems while generating income through sustainable harvesting of papyrus and eco-friendly crafts. At the same time, communities are rediscovering indigenous knowledge that has long guided environmental conservation. Traditional wetland protection practices, once overlooked, are now recognised as valuable tools for sustainable resource management.

Uganda also faces growing climate risks, including floods and droughts that disproportionately affect vulnerable communities. Restoring wetlands and protecting watersheds helps reduce flood risks, improve water storage, and protect hydropower generation that supports the national grid power. In rapidly growing urban areas like Kampala, green infrastructure such as restored drainage channels and urban tree planting helps reduce flooding and improve living conditions for low-income residents.

The connection between water, environment, and prosperity is clear. When communities are given a voice in managing natural resources, they become stewards of sustainability and drivers of economic transformation. Investments in water and environmental protection do more than conserve nature; they create jobs, improve health, strengthen education, and build climate resilience.

As we gear up for the Uganda Water and Environment 2026, the path forward lies in treating water and the environment not as challenges to be managed, but as opportunities to be nurtured. Where water flows sustainably, opportunity grows — for families like Sarah’s and for the nation as a whole.

World Wetlands Day 2026: Where Memory Meets Water — Why Indigenous Knowledge Matters for East Africa’s Wetlands

As the mist lifts over the papyrus wetlands of Lake Kyoga, elder Akot begins her morning walk along narrow channels shaped by generations before her. She knows which pools must rest this season, where fishing is forbidden until the rains return, and which reeds can be harvested without weakening the wetland. “These waters remember us,” she says quietly. “And we must remember them.”

On World Wetlands Day 2026, her words carry urgency. Across East Africa, wetlands sustain millions of lives — filtering water, buffering floods, providing water in dry spells, supporting fisheries, and anchoring cultural identity. Long before formal conservation laws, communities across Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia, DR Congo and South Sudan managed wetlands through Indigenous knowledge systems rooted in observation, respect, and restraint.

Indeed, the 2026 World Wetlands Day theme ‘Wetlands and Traditional Knowledge: Celebrating Cultural Heritage’, highlights the important role of traditional and indigenous knowledge in wetland management and preserving cultural identity. It aims to encourage dialogue and understanding of the connection between wetlands and cultural practices.

Wetlands were not just resources; they were sacred landscapes. Taboos protected breeding grounds. Seasonal calendars governed fishing and grazing. Elders mediated access, ensuring equity and regeneration. These systems preserved biodiversity while reinforcing cultural values and social cohesion.

Today, that balance is under strain.

Pressures on Wetlands — and on Knowledge

Population growth, commercial agriculture, urban expansion, and infrastructure development are rapidly degrading wetlands. In many cases, formal planning frameworks override customary governance, treating wetlands as idle land rather than living systems. Climate change compounds the challenge, disrupting rainfall patterns that once guided seasonal practices.

Equally worrying is the erosion of cultural transmission. Younger generations, educated in systems that neither value nor put emphasis on Indigenous ecological knowledge, are losing connection to wetland stewardship traditions. As knowledge fades, so does the sense of responsibility that sustained wetlands for centuries.

Yet Indigenous knowledge remains deeply relevant. It is place-based, adaptive, and socially legitimate. In the Rufiji Delta, farmers still use flood timing knowledge to cultivate crops without draining wetlands. Around Lake Victoria, customary fishing norms among many tribes, like the Luo community in Kenya; Buganda and Busoga Kingdoms in Uganda — where respected — reduce overexploitation more effectively than enforcement alone. Fortunately, these institutions have unrelenting efforts to pass indigenous knowledge onto children and youths, despite the above pressures.

World Wetlands Day 2026: A Call to Act Differently

The future of East Africa’s wetlands depends on bridging Indigenous and scientific knowledge, not choosing between them. For planners, this requires moving from consultation to co-governance.

Policy Recommendations for National and Subnational Planners

§  Formally recognise Indigenous wetland governance systems
National laws and local ordinances should acknowledge customary rules, sacred sites, and cultural/traditional authorities as legitimate components of wetland management.

§  Embed Indigenous knowledge in planning and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)
Subnational planners should require development projects to document and integrate local ecological knowledge, not merely assess biophysical impacts.

§  Strengthen co-management frameworks
Wetland management committees should include elders, women, youth, and cultural/traditional leaders alongside technical officers, with real decision-making power.

§  Protect community land and wetland tenure
Secure land and resource rights are essential for long-term stewardship. Unclear tenure accelerates degradation and loss of the rich biodiversity that wetlands hold (a lot of which remains unknown to science todate).

§  Invest in knowledge transmission
Support community-led documentation, cultural education, and intergenerational learning programmes linked to schools and local institutions like the diverse cultural institutions across East Africa, youth and women groups, as well as religious institutions.

On this World Wetlands Day 2026, East Africa is reminded that wetlands are not empty spaces waiting to be ‘developed’ into human settlement areas, industrial zones or large-scale farming for rice and other crops. They are storied landscapes, shaped by memory, culture, and care. When planners listen to people like Akot — and design policies that respect what communities already know — wetlands can continue to sustain both nature and identity for generations to come.

  

When Communities Lead: A Personal Reflection on Africa’s Road to 2030 and 2063

 A woman pumps water from a borehole in Nebbi, West Nile (Photo: JEEP)

At dawn in Kisenyi - one of Kampala’s informal settlements, Amina turns the tap beside her home and smiles. Five years ago, she queued for hours at a distant borehole. Today, clean water flows because her community partnered with Kampala City authorities, a local NGO that promotes access to clean and safe water, and a local water company that monitors leaks using simple sensors. It’s a small victory, but it hints at a bigger truth: Africa can turn the tide on the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063 when people lead, and institutions align.

Under the theme: 'Turning the tide: Transformative and coordinated actions for the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063', the 12th session of the Africa Regional Forum on Sustainable Development (ARFSD-12) will take place on the 28th - 30th April 2026 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Across the continent, progress accelerates when action is coordinated around lived realities. Clean water and sanitation are not abstract targets; they are about dignity, health, and time—especially for women and girls. In northern Ghana, community-managed water schemes work because they blend public finance with local stewardship. Water user committees collect modest fees, reinvest in maintenance, and hold service providers accountable. The lesson is clear: scale what works by anchoring solutions in communities while strengthening utilities and regulators.

Energy tells a similar story. In rural Malawi, Peter runs a welding shop powered by a solar mini-grid. Reliable electricity turned a subsistence livelihood into a small enterprise, creating jobs and skills. Affordable, clean energy unlocks industry, innovation, and infrastructure when policies de-risk private investment and support local entrepreneurs. Standardised mini-grid regulations, local manufacturing of components, and patient capital can turn Africa’s abundant sun and wind into inclusive growth.

Cities are where these strands converge. In Nairobi and Accra, youth-led start-ups are converting organic waste into biogas and compost, easing pressure on landfills while powering households. Sustainable cities and communities emerge when urban planning integrates transport, housing, waste, and energy—and when informal settlements are part of the plan, not an afterthought. Data from communities, not just satellites, helps cities invest where impact is highest.

Innovation thrives when universities, artisans, and industry collaborate. In Senegal, a makerspace partners with a technical institute to prototype low-cost water meters and energy-efficient stoves. Government procurement provides the first customer, accelerating adoption. This is how Africa builds competitive industries—by backing homegrown solutions with smart policy and predictable demand.

None of this happens in isolation. Global partnerships matter, but they must be equitable. Blended finance that aligns development banks, philanthropies, and local lenders can crowd in capital for water systems, grids, and transport. South–South cooperation speeds learning, while diaspora networks bring skills and markets. Crucially, partnerships should strengthen local institutions and share risk, not export it.

Turning the tide demands coordination: national plans that align budgets with SDGs and Agenda 2063; cities that collaborate with communities; utilities that partner with innovators; and citizens who hold leaders to account. It also requires courage—to reform subsidies, standardise regulations, and invest for the long term.

As the sun sets in Kisenyi, Amina fills her jerrycan in minutes and heads home. Her story is not unique—and that is the point. When Africa centres people, coordinates action, and partners with purpose, the future promised by 2030 and 2063 becomes not a deadline, but a lived reality.

 

Unlocking Africa’s Resilience: Putting People, Finance and Justice First

Community promoting Analog forestry practice in Kikandwa (Mityana district, Uganda).
Photo: Kikandwa Environment Association

At dawn in northern Mozambique, fisherman Joaquim Langa pushes his canoe into waters that no longer behave the way his father once knew. “The sea is angrier now,” he says, recalling how cyclones in recent years have erased mangroves that once shielded the coastline (UNEP, 2023). Each season brings higher tides, unpredictable storms, and shrinking fish stocks. 

Joaquim’s story mirrors that of millions across Africa living at the frontline of climate disruption—where adaptation is no longer optional, but a daily necessity.

For Africa, the forthcoming seventh UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-7) at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, from 8 to 12 December 2025, comes at a defining moment: How can it advance sustainable solutions while navigating mounting debt, persistent climate shocks and urgent socio-economic demands?

UNEA-7 will take place under the theme "Advancing sustainable solutions for a resilient planet” .

A triple crisis squeezing development choices

The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report notes that Africa is warming faster than the global average, with climate shocks eroding up to 15% of GDP annually in some regions. Yet many countries spend more on debt servicing than on health or climate resilience (AfDB, 2022). With growing populations demanding energy, jobs and basic services, governments are forced into impossible trade-offs.

At the same time, across the continent, people are demonstrating what resilience looks like in practice.

People-led solutions pointing the way

In Ethiopia’s Tigray region, community-led terracing has helped restore degraded hillsides and revive food production (UNCCD, 2021). In Benin, women-run solar cold-storage hubs reduce food loss and emissions (IRENA, 2023). South African youth cooperatives are turning waste into value, strengthening a circular economy model central to the African Green Stimulus Programme.

These local solutions prove that sustainability is not an abstract aspiration—it is a practical pathway to improved livelihoods.

Finance reforms will determine Africa’s trajectory

Africa receives less than 12% of the adaptation finance it needs (UNECA, 2022). To scale people-centred solutions, UNEA-7 must stand in support of accelerating fiscal reforms consistent with the Bridgetown Initiative (a proposal to reform the world of development finance, particularly how rich countries help poor countries cope with and adapt to climate change), including:

• State-contingent debt instruments, such as hurricane and climate-disaster clauses, which pause payments after shocks, have already been tested in Caribbean nations.
• Climate resilience bonds supported by Multilateral Development Bank guarantees, lowering borrowing costs for adaptation infrastructure.
• Reallocation of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) through African institutions like AfDB to expand concessional finance.
• Domestic reforms—phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, adopting fair carbon pricing, and incentivising circular industries—implemented with social safeguards.

These instruments can unlock the fiscal space needed to prioritise adaptation, ecosystem restoration, clean energy and social protection.

Sustainability must advance, not compete with, development

Africa’s environmental and development agendas are inseparable. Clean energy expands economic opportunity; nature-based solutions protect coastlines and livelihoods; circular economy models create jobs; and climate-smart agriculture stabilises food systems. These pathways align with the AU Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy (2022–2032), which places people at the centre of resilience.

A message to UNEA-7

As Joaquim prepares for another uncertain day at sea, he offers a quiet hope shared by many across the continent: “We just want to live with the sea, not fight it.” Africa has the innovation, the knowledge and the will to build a resilient planet. What it needs is fair financing, strategic reforms, and global partnerships that match its ambition.

For Africa, UNEA-7 is a moment to lead—and the world’s moment to act.

Everyday Peacebuilders: How Volunteers Strengthen ‘Small P’ Peace in Africa Amid Geopolitical Tensions and the Triple Planetary Crisis

Source: www.gkseries.com

At the edge of the River Nile in South Sudan, 19-year-old volunteer Joseph arrives at a community meeting shaded by an acacia tree. The rains have failed again, grazing lands are shrinking, and whispers of tension between farmers and pastoralists drift through the village. Yet the people still gather—because Joseph, a familiar face, has been trained to facilitate dialogue before disagreements harden into conflict.

In a world shaped by geopolitical volatility, rising resource pressures, and the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, volunteers like Joseph are quietly doing some of the most important peace work on the continent. Their actions do not always make headlines, but they build what peace practitioners call ‘small P’ peace—the everyday relationships, trust, and social cohesion that keep communities functioning even in times of stress.

International Volunteer Day (IVD), which is due on December 5, 2025, is a global observance established by the UN General Assembly in 1985 to celebrate the power of volunteerism. What began as a UN General Assembly mandate in 1985 has grown into a global movement. IVD is a day to celebrate volunteers everywhere and to champion the spirit of volunteerism—locally, nationally, and globally.

Peace Responsiveness at the Heart of Volunteerism

Peace responsiveness means recognising how environmental, social, and economic stressors can escalate tensions—and designing interventions that reduce the risk of conflict rather than unintentionally worsening it. Volunteers are uniquely positioned to support this because they understand the subtleties of their communities: who talks to whom, where tension is brewing, and what local histories shape cooperation.

They often serve as early connectors—spotting small disputes before they escalate into major ones. This could involve noticing conflicts between water-user groups during droughts, mediating disputes over firewood collection, or facilitating conversations between youth and local authorities when frustrations arise.

How Volunteers Strengthen “Small P” Peace

1. Building Social Bridges
Volunteers help knit communities together through inclusive activities—tree planting, sports for peace, women’s savings groups, and youth innovation hubs. These gatherings foster relationships that act as buffers against tension when climate shocks or economic stress hit.

2. Conveying Trusted, Localised Information
Geopolitical tensions often fuel misinformation, especially online. Volunteers provide verified information about relief distribution, climate risks, or local government decisions—reducing rumours that could spark conflict.

3. Supporting Local Mediation and Dialogue
Trained volunteers can facilitate dialogue circles, listening sessions, and community forums where people express fears, negotiate solutions, and rebuild trust. Their impartiality often makes them more effective than external actors.

4. Strengthening Resilience to Climate and Environmental Shocks
Because climate impacts can heighten competition over land, water, or forests, volunteers who support conservation, sustainable resource use, and early warning systems help reduce triggers of conflict. Restoring wetlands, maintaining water points, or mapping flood-prone areas all contribute to peace.

5. Amplifying Marginalised Voices
Volunteers often serve as advocates for women, youth, persons with disabilities, and displaced people—helping ensure they are included in local planning, which strengthens fairness and reduces grievances.

Opportunities for Volunteers in a Changing Landscape

• Peace-responsive training is expanding across NGOs and community networks.
• Digital platforms now allow volunteers to map risks and share alerts quickly.
• Climate action projects offer roles that also strengthen peace, from restoring degraded land to supporting early warning systems.
• Youth peace networks are creating pathways for leadership and regional collaboration.

A Future Held Together by Everyday Peacebuilders

Amid geopolitical tensions and a planet in crisis, Africa’s volunteers remain the backbone of community resilience. They may not negotiate high-level peace agreements, but their “small P” actions—listening, convening, mediating, informing—are what keep societies whole.

In countless villages, markets, and settlements, volunteers are proving that peace is not only something signed in conference rooms; it is something practised every day, by ordinary people committed to extraordinary service.

 

Unlocking a Shared Future: How Africa–EU Cooperation Can Deepen the Green Transition

 

When I met Amina, a young solar technician in Garissa, Kenya, she stood on a tin rooftop tightening bolts on a newly installed solar panel while her daughter slept gently on her back. “This work is my future,” she said. “But it’s also how we build a better Africa—clean energy, good jobs, less worry.”

Her hopes echo the ambition of Agenda 2063, the African Union’s roadmap for a prosperous, climate-resilient continent. And they illuminate why Africa–EU cooperation is central to accelerating a people-centred green transition.

Europe’s Global Gateway Africa–Europe Investment Package, aiming to mobilise €150 billion for sustainable infrastructure and clean energy, has opened opportunities for renewable projects, climate-smart agriculture, and digital tools for resilience. Yet cooperation must evolve to address real constraints in Africa’s transition—energy poverty, technology gaps, high debt burdens, weak grids, and limited climate finance.

Across the Sahel, farmers are restoring degraded soils through agro-ecological techniques supported by EU programmes like AgriFI and DeSIRA, proving that partnership can strengthen resilience and food security. In Nairobi, Kigali, and Accra, young innovators are transforming waste into new value—plastic into construction materials, textiles into innovative fabrics, and organics into biogas—supported by the EU–AU Circular Economy Agenda. Circularity offers a powerful pathway for job creation, emissions reduction, and resource efficiency.

However, friction points in Africa–EU relations are becoming increasingly difficult to ignore.

African leaders and businesses have raised concerns about the EU’s unilateral trade mechanisms, particularly the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).

For many exporters—from steel manufacturers in Egypt to coffee growers in Uganda—CBAM is seen as a de facto barrier, introduced without adequate transitional support or recognition of historical responsibility. Producers fear increased compliance costs, reduced competitiveness, and the risk of being priced out of EU markets.

Similarly, the EUDR, while rooted in legitimate environmental goals, has created anxiety among smallholder farmers who lack the digital tools and geolocation systems required to prove their products—coffee, cocoa, rubber—are deforestation-free. As one coffee farmer in Eastern Uganda put it, “We want forests protected. But don’t shut the door while we are still learning how to comply.”

These concerns underscore a broader principle repeatedly emphasised in UN Climate negotiation processes: climate action must be just, differentiated, and supportive of development needs. African negotiators at the annual Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings, including the recently concluded COP30 in Belem, Brazil, underscore the need for transition periods, capacity-building, and finance to ensure that climate-related trade measures do not intensify inequality or erode livelihoods.

The way forward is cooperation, not conditionality. The EU can support Africa by investing in traceability systems, providing technology transfer for low-carbon industrialisation, and aligning CBAM and EUDR implementation with Africa’s realities. Joint Africa–EU platforms need to ensure policies are co-designed, not imposed.

As the sun sets over Amina’s village, her daughter wakes and reaches toward the glowing solar panels. Amina smiles. “By the time she grows up,” she says, “I hope our whole region will run on clean energy—and thrive doing it.”

Her hope is a blueprint. With equitable partnerships, shared innovation, and policies that uplift rather than exclude, Africa–EU cooperation can drive a green transition that is resilient, fair, circular, and true to the vision of Agenda 2063.

Closing the Climate Resilience Gap: Lessons from UNEP’s Adaptation Gap Reports

United Nations Environment Programme’s Adaptation Gap Report (2025)

When Maria – a smallholder farmer in Mozambique – watched the rains come later and later each season, and when Elisapeta  – living on a vulnerable Samoan island in Oceania  – saw the sea creep closer to his home, these weren’t just isolated stories of climate change. They were the lived realities behind the warnings of the United Nations Environment Programme’s Adaptation Gap Reports (UNEP, 2014–2025).

Since the first edition over a decade ago, UNEP’s message has been unwavering: climate risks are accelerating, adaptation finance and implementation are falling short, and transformational, not incremental, change is urgently needed.

Escalating risks outpacing our efforts

From the outset, UNEP cautioned that climate impacts were arriving faster than societies could prepare for. The Adaptation Gap Report 2020 warned that “the world must plan for, finance and implement climate change adaptation measures appropriate for the full range of global temperature increases—or face serious costs, losses and damages” (UNEP, 2020).

By the following year, the 2021 report concluded that “growth in climate impacts is far outpacing our efforts to adapt” (UNEP, 2021). The 2025 edition echoes that concern even more starkly, warning that the world is “gearing up for resilience—without the money to get there” (UNEP, 2025).

For Maria, this means worsening droughts; for Elisapeta, it’s the sea eating away at ancestral land. UNEP’s data backs up what they already know: climate risk is accelerating faster than adaptation progress.

Progress in planning, but finance and implementation still lag

UNEP’s reports consistently highlight improvements in adaptation planning. By 2022, 84% of countries had at least one national adaptation plan, policy, or strategy in place (UNEP, 2022). Yet progress on paper hasn’t translated into tangible results.

The 2025 report shows that estimated adaptation costs for developing countries could reach US$310 billion annually by 2035, or up to US$365 billion when based on national adaptation plans and NDCs (UNEP, 2025). However, international public adaptation finance flows were only US$26 billion in 2023, down from US$28 billion the year before. That means developing countries receive barely one-tenth of what they need.

As UNEP notes, “the adaptation finance gap is widening, not closing” (UNEP, 2025). For Elisapeta, that means his country has plans but no budget to elevate homes or protect coasts. For Maria, drought-resilient seeds exist, but she can’t access them without support.

Transformational change—not incremental steps—is needed

From the early editions, UNEP has urged governments to move beyond short-term, project-based measures. The 2020 report emphasised that adaptation must be “integrated across sectors and scales” (UNEP, 2020). The 2024 edition reinforced this, calling for a shift “from reactive, incremental, project-based financing to anticipatory, strategic, and transformational adaptation” (UNEP, 2024).

The 2025 report continues that call, arguing that adaptation must “transform systems—agriculture, water, cities—rather than patch vulnerabilities one project at a time” (UNEP, 2025). For communities like Maria’s and Elisapeta’s, that means not just coping, but rebuilding for resilience and equity.

Why do the same messages keep returning?

Because they mirror the reality of a world that’s planning more than it’s doing. Risks are rising faster than responses; finance remains inadequate; and incremental efforts no longer match the scale of the challenge.

Each Adaptation Gap Report is both a warning and a roadmap. It reminds us that adaptation isn’t a future luxury—it’s a present necessity. And unless the global community acts boldly now, the “gap” UNEP describes won’t just remain; it will define the future of millions like Maria and Elisapeta.

References

• UNEP (2025). Adaptation Gap Report 2025: Running on Empty. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2025
• UNEP (2024). Adaptation Gap Report 2024: Come Hell and High Water. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2024
• UNEP (2022). Adaptation Gap Report 2022: Too Little, Too Slow. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/41080
• UNEP (2021). Adaptation Gap Report 2021: The Gathering Storm. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/37298
• UNEP (2020). Adaptation Gap Report 2020. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/34727